Principles of Management CLEP Practice Exam

According to Theory X, how are workers perceived?

1. As self-motivated and competent

2. As lazy, error-prone, and needing direction

3. As innovators who thrive on freedom

4. As independent thinkers who excel in teams

The correct answer is: As lazy, error-prone, and needing direction

Theory X, developed by Douglas McGregor, presents a view of human motivation and behavior that assumes a generally negative perspective of workers. According to this theory, workers are perceived as inherently lazy, lacking ambition, and needing constant supervision and direction to perform effectively. This perspective suggests that the average person dislikes work and will avoid it whenever possible, highlighting a belief that most individuals do not see themselves as self-motivated or competent. In the context of management, this theory implies that managers need to adopt an authoritarian style of leadership, characterized by strict control and oversight, to ensure that employees fulfill their responsibilities. This view contrasts sharply with other motivational theories like Theory Y, which posits that people are self-motivated and thrive in an environment that offers freedom and autonomy. This understanding is crucial for managers when considering how to best motivate and manage their teams, as it reflects different fundamental beliefs about human nature in the workplace. In summary, Theory X suggests that workers require a structured approach due to perceived tendencies towards laziness and incompetence, justifying a more controlling managerial style.